Y-Axis Jobs Logo
Send us feedback
telephone  +91 7670 800 001
Log in Sign up Try Premium

Accounting And Finance Jobs in Germany

About 2794 results in (5) seconds Clear Filters

Jobs Search

About 2794 results in (5) seconds
Materials and Processes Engineer [26014] at Sopra Steria
Manching, Bavaria, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Materials Engineering, Process Engineering, Composite Aerospace Materials, Manufacturing Technologies, Test Programs, Laboratory Environment, Aircraft Design, Ms Office, Google Workspace, Work Package Management, Reporting Skills, Eu Security Clearance, Fluency In English, German Language
Specialization
Candidates must have a master's degree in a relevant field and at least 2 years of experience in test program execution. Knowledge of composite materials and manufacturing technologies is essential, along with experience in a laboratory environment.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
Betriebstechniker (m/w/d) Instandhaltung at Simtra BioPharma Solutions
Morsbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Mechanical Engineering, Maintenance, Refrigeration Technology, Pneumatics, Hydraulics, Vacuum Technology, Machining, Welding, Process Optimization, Lean Methods, Gmp Compliance, Technical Drawing, Edv Knowledge, German Language, English Language
Specialization
Candidates should have a completed technical vocational training in mechanics or a comparable qualification, along with several years of experience in maintenance, ideally in refrigeration technology, pneumatics, hydraulics, vacuum technology, and machining. A self-reliant and structured working style, along with good computer skills and fluency in German and English, are also required.
Experience Required
Minimum 5 year(s)
Koch (m/w/d) Betriebsrestaurant Landshut at DO & CO AG
Landshut, Bavaria, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Food Preparation, Quality Control, Guest Communication, Team Collaboration, Flexibility, Reliability, Passion For Cooking, Culinary Skills
Specialization
Candidates must have completed a vocational training as a cook and possess relevant experience in the culinary field. Strong communication skills, reliability, and a passion for cooking without convenience foods are essential.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
LPN Pediatric Home Care Days and Nights at UnitedHealth Group Canada
Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
N/A
Koch / Köchin (m/w/d) am Alexanderplatz at HR Dpt.
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Koch, Küchenkenntnisse, Lebensmittelqualität, Zubereitungstechniken, Kreativität, Gastgeber, Teamarbeit, Präsentation, Fleischgerichte, Gemüsegerichte, Geschmack, ästhetik
Specialization
A completed vocational training or experience in the kitchen is required. You should have a passion for hosting and creating innovative dishes.
Koch / Köchin (m/w/d) am Alexanderplatz at HR Dpt.
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Passionate Host, Culinary Skills, Food Quality Knowledge, Preparation Techniques, Creativity, Teamwork
Specialization
Candidates should have completed vocational training or have experience in the kitchen. A passion for hosting and creating innovative dishes is essential.
Visual Merchandiser - Pinneberg (m/w/d) at H&M Group
Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Passion For Fashion, Trend Awareness, Visual Presentation, Sales Optimization, Creativity, Curiosity, Proactivity, Communication Skills
Specialization
Candidates should have a genuine passion for fashion and a good eye for visual presentation. Strong communication skills and the ability to inspire store teams are also essential.
Koch / Köchin (m/w/d) am Alexanderplatz at HR Dpt.
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Passionate Host, Creative, Food Quality Knowledge, Preparation Techniques, Taste Sensibility, Aesthetic Sense, Team Spirit, Enthusiasm
Specialization
A completed vocational training or experience in the kitchen is required. You should have a passion for hosting and creating innovative dishes.
Visual Merchandiser - Pinneberg (m/w/d) at H&M Group
Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Visual Merchandising, Fashion Trends, Sales Optimization, Styling, Communication Skills, Team Collaboration, Customer Experience, Problem Solving, Creativity, Attention To Detail, Flexibility, Proactivity, Retail Experience, Store Management, Product Presentation, Market Analysis
Specialization
We are looking for candidates with a genuine passion for fashion and a keen sense of trends. Strong communication skills and the ability to inspire store teams are essential.
Manager Merchandising License Teamsport at PUMA
, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Merchandising, Assortment Planning, Forecasting, Pricing, Product Lifecycle Management, Data Analysis, Go To Market Process, Cross Functional Collaboration, Project Management, Retail Operations, E Commerce, Wholesale, Consumer Insights, Trend Analysis, Financial Planning, System Updates
Specialization
Candidates need 3-5 years of experience in retail, wholesale, or consumer goods, demonstrating expertise in merchandising, assortment planning, forecasting, and pricing fundamentals. A strong background in Business Administration or Marketing is required, along with cross-functional collaboration skills and a solid understanding of European consumer dynamics.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
Visual Merchandiser - Pinneberg (m/w/d) at H&M Group
Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Visual Merchandising, Fashion Trends, Sales Optimization, Styling, Communication, Creativity, Problem Solving, Team Collaboration
Specialization
Candidates should have a passion for fashion and a keen sense of trends to enhance the shopping experience. Strong communication skills and the ability to inspire store teams are essential.
Visual Merchandiser - Böblingen (m/w/d) at H&M Group
Böblingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Visual Merchandising, Store Design, Window Styling, Figure Styling, Visual Concepts Implementation, Trend Awareness, Product Care, Sales Analysis, Visual Potential Recognition, Action Area Setup, Sale Area Presentation, Styling, Detail Orientation, Presentation Skills, Communication, Team Inspiration
Specialization
The ideal candidate possesses a genuine passion for fashion, a strong sense of trends, and a knack for creating unique shopping experiences, supported by a good eye for visual presentation and experience in store layout changes. They should be motivated to delight customers while boosting sales, demonstrating creativity, curiosity, proactivity, and strong communication skills to inspire store teams.
Senior Manager, Credit and Debit, Europe at Visa
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Product Management, Payments, Banking, Operational Excellence, Commercial Excellence, Data Analysis, Communication, Presentation Skills, Time Management, Organizational Skills, Stakeholder Engagement, Problem Solving, Curiosity, Execution Focus, Influencing, Collaboration
Specialization
Candidates should have experience in managing Credit or Debit card programs and a strong understanding of payments and banking. Excellent communication skills and the ability to work independently are also essential.
Experience Required
Minimum 5 year(s)
Industriemechaniker:in - Instandhaltung at vattenfall
Hohenwarte, Thuringia, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Industrial Mechanic, Maintenance, Mechanical Maintenance, Repair Activities, Inspection Activities, Function Testing, Operation Procedures, Fault Reporting, Documentation, Reliability, Sense Of Responsibility, Assertiveness, Teamwork, Resilience, Decision Making, Driver's License Class B
Specialization
Candidates must possess a degree in a mechanical engineering trade and have extensive professional experience in the relevant field, demonstrating a high level of technical knowledge. Essential soft skills include high reliability, responsibility, assertiveness, teamwork, resilience, and the ability to communicate immediate decision needs.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
Materials and Processes Engineer [25014] at Sopra Steria
Manching, Bavaria, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Materials Engineering, Process Engineering, Composite Materials, Manufacturing Technologies, Test Programs, Laboratory Experience, Aircraft Design, Ms Office, Google Workspace, Work Package Management, Reporting Skills, Eu Security Clearance, Fluency In English, German Language
Specialization
Candidates must have a master's degree in a relevant field and at least 2 years of experience in test program execution. Knowledge of composite aerospace materials and manufacturing technologies is essential, along with experience in a laboratory environment.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
Koch / Köchin (m/w/d) am Alexanderplatz at HR Dpt.
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Passionate Host, Food Preparation, Creativity, Teamwork, Culinary Skills, Food Presentation, Knowledge Of Food Quality, Innovative Cooking
Specialization
A completed vocational training or experience in the kitchen is required. You should have a passion for hosting and the ability to inspire others.
Junior Brand & Campaign Manager (m/w/d) at Scalable GmbH
Berlin, Berlin, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Brand Strategy, Campaign Management, External Partnerships, Media Buying, Data Analysis, Project Management, Communication, Organization, Team Collaboration, Marketing Trends, Pop Culture Awareness, Structured Project Management
Specialization
Candidates must believe in the company's mission and be passionate about the financial world, possessing knowledge of current trends in advertising, marketing, and pop culture. Required qualifications include 1-2 years of experience in brand or campaign management, excellent communication and organizational skills, a relevant university degree, and fluency in both German (native) and English.
Junior Brand & Campaign Manager (m/w/d) at Scalable GmbH
Munich, Bavaria, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Brand Strategy, Campaign Management, External Partnerships, Media Buying, Data Analysis, Project Management, Communication, Organization, Marketing Trends, Pop Culture Trends
Specialization
Candidates must believe in the company's mission and be passionate about the finance world, possessing excellent communication and organizational skills combined with structured project management abilities. A relevant university degree in Marketing, Business, or a related field is required, along with 1-2 years of experience in brand or campaign management, fluency in both German (native) and English.
Junior Brand & Campaign Manager (m/w/d) at Scalable GmbH
Berlin, Berlin, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Brand Management, Campaign Management, Project Management, Communication Skills, Organizational Skills, Media Buying, Data Analysis, Team Collaboration, Marketing Trends, Pop Culture Knowledge
Specialization
You should have 1-2 years of experience in brand management or campaign management, along with a relevant university degree in marketing or business. Fluency in German and English is required, and knowledge of additional languages is a bonus.
Ausbildung Einzelhandelkaufmann (m/w/d) at Sanitätshaus Rosenkranz Scherer GmbH
Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Hesse, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Customer Oriented Sales Conversations, Cash Register Operation, Handling Special Sales Situations, Merchandise Presentation, Procurement And Inventory Care, Price Policy Implementation, Personnel Planning, Marketing Concepts, Flexibility, Organizational Skills, Good Communication Skills, Good Written Expression, Numerical Analysis, Quick Comprehension, Ms Office Proficiency
Specialization
Candidates should enjoy helping people, value health, and demonstrate flexibility, organizational skills, and good communication abilities, including strong written expression. A minimum of a secondary school leaving certificate (Realschulabschluss) and basic MS-Office knowledge are required.
Materials and Processes Engineer [26014] at Sopra Steria
Manching, Bavaria, Germany -
Full Time

Start Date

Immediate

Expiry Date

19 Apr, 26

Salary

0.0

Posted On

19 Jan, 26

Experience

2 year(s) or above

Remote Job

Yes

Telecommute

Yes

Sponsor Visa

No

Skills

Materials Engineering, Process Engineering, Composite Aerospace Materials, Manufacturing Technologies, Test Programs, Laboratory Environment, Aircraft Design, MS-Office, Google Workspace, Work Package Management, Reporting Skills, EU Security Clearance, Fluency in English, German Language

Industry

Information Technology & Services

Description
Company Description CS GROUP has been successfully providing digital end-to-end systems and engineering services for more than 40 years. With over 2000 employees worldwide, we combine advanced and unique skills in both information technology and space data engineering. We combine entrepreneurial agility with cutting-edge technological expertise. CS GROUP is a leading provider of operational systems and an important and trusted long-term partner for space and defence organisations. At CS GROUP, we are driven by innovation and we value our most important asset: our people. Job Description Creation and harmonization of material and process specifications; Definition of material and manufacturing process selection lists based on program requirements; Definition, coordination and execution of material, process or part specific qualification campaigns M&P support to other engineering and manufacturing disciplines M&P support to supplier audits, quality escapes or obsolescences; Support to workpackages in the area of development projects Support to national and international R&T projects; Deliver material solutions including associated data to other airframe disciplines; Ensure appropriate documentation and reporting. Qualifications Master degree in aerospace engineering, mechanical engineering, materials science, or similar; Sound knowledge of composite aerospace materials and manufacturing technologies is required; 2 years experience in definition and execution of test programs including coordination with internal stakeholders and external suppliers is needed; Working experience in laboratory environment is mandatory; Basic knowledge in the area of aircraft design and associated requirements should be available; MS-Office Knowledge and Google Workspace is a must have; Demonstrated work package management skills and respective reporting skills; Eligibility to obtain EU Security clearance Fluency in English is mandatory; knowledge of German language is an advantage. Additional Information This job is located in Manching, Germany. If you think you have what it takes for this job, please send your CV (in English and in Word or PDF) by clicking on the button “Apply for this job” quoting job NL-HP-26014. An exciting and dynamic international working environment awaits you! Inclusive and committed employer, our company works every day to combat all forms of discrimination and promote a respectful working environment. That's why, committed to gender diversity and overall inclusivity, we encourage all applications and profiles. Inclusive and committed employer, our company works every day to combat all forms of discrimination and promote a respectful working environment. That's why, committed to gender diversity and overall inclusivity, we encourage all applications and profiles. Last apply date: 19/01/2026!
Responsibilities
The role involves the creation and harmonization of material and process specifications, as well as the definition and execution of qualification campaigns. The engineer will provide M&P support to various engineering and manufacturing disciplines and ensure appropriate documentation and reporting.
Materials and Processes Engineer [26014] at Sopra Steria
Manching, Bavaria, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Materials Engineering, Process Engineering, Composite Aerospace Materials, Manufacturing Technologies, Test Programs, Laboratory Environment, Aircraft Design, Ms Office, Google Workspace, Work Package Management, Reporting Skills, Eu Security Clearance, Fluency In English, German Language
Specialization
Candidates must have a master's degree in a relevant field and at least 2 years of experience in test program execution. Knowledge of composite materials and manufacturing technologies is essential, along with experience in a laboratory environment.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
Betriebstechniker (m/w/d) Instandhaltung at Simtra BioPharma Solutions
Morsbach, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Mechanical Engineering, Maintenance, Refrigeration Technology, Pneumatics, Hydraulics, Vacuum Technology, Machining, Welding, Process Optimization, Lean Methods, Gmp Compliance, Technical Drawing, Edv Knowledge, German Language, English Language
Specialization
Candidates should have a completed technical vocational training in mechanics or a comparable qualification, along with several years of experience in maintenance, ideally in refrigeration technology, pneumatics, hydraulics, vacuum technology, and machining. A self-reliant and structured working style, along with good computer skills and fluency in German and English, are also required.
Experience Required
Minimum 5 year(s)
Koch (m/w/d) Betriebsrestaurant Landshut at DO & CO AG
Landshut, Bavaria, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Food Preparation, Quality Control, Guest Communication, Team Collaboration, Flexibility, Reliability, Passion For Cooking, Culinary Skills
Specialization
Candidates must have completed a vocational training as a cook and possess relevant experience in the culinary field. Strong communication skills, reliability, and a passion for cooking without convenience foods are essential.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
LPN Pediatric Home Care Days and Nights at UnitedHealth Group Canada
Minden, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
N/A
Koch / Köchin (m/w/d) am Alexanderplatz at HR Dpt.
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Koch, Küchenkenntnisse, Lebensmittelqualität, Zubereitungstechniken, Kreativität, Gastgeber, Teamarbeit, Präsentation, Fleischgerichte, Gemüsegerichte, Geschmack, ästhetik
Specialization
A completed vocational training or experience in the kitchen is required. You should have a passion for hosting and creating innovative dishes.
Koch / Köchin (m/w/d) am Alexanderplatz at HR Dpt.
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Passionate Host, Culinary Skills, Food Quality Knowledge, Preparation Techniques, Creativity, Teamwork
Specialization
Candidates should have completed vocational training or have experience in the kitchen. A passion for hosting and creating innovative dishes is essential.
Visual Merchandiser - Pinneberg (m/w/d) at H&M Group
Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Passion For Fashion, Trend Awareness, Visual Presentation, Sales Optimization, Creativity, Curiosity, Proactivity, Communication Skills
Specialization
Candidates should have a genuine passion for fashion and a good eye for visual presentation. Strong communication skills and the ability to inspire store teams are also essential.
Koch / Köchin (m/w/d) am Alexanderplatz at HR Dpt.
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Passionate Host, Creative, Food Quality Knowledge, Preparation Techniques, Taste Sensibility, Aesthetic Sense, Team Spirit, Enthusiasm
Specialization
A completed vocational training or experience in the kitchen is required. You should have a passion for hosting and creating innovative dishes.
Visual Merchandiser - Pinneberg (m/w/d) at H&M Group
Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Visual Merchandising, Fashion Trends, Sales Optimization, Styling, Communication Skills, Team Collaboration, Customer Experience, Problem Solving, Creativity, Attention To Detail, Flexibility, Proactivity, Retail Experience, Store Management, Product Presentation, Market Analysis
Specialization
We are looking for candidates with a genuine passion for fashion and a keen sense of trends. Strong communication skills and the ability to inspire store teams are essential.
Manager Merchandising License Teamsport at PUMA
, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Merchandising, Assortment Planning, Forecasting, Pricing, Product Lifecycle Management, Data Analysis, Go To Market Process, Cross Functional Collaboration, Project Management, Retail Operations, E Commerce, Wholesale, Consumer Insights, Trend Analysis, Financial Planning, System Updates
Specialization
Candidates need 3-5 years of experience in retail, wholesale, or consumer goods, demonstrating expertise in merchandising, assortment planning, forecasting, and pricing fundamentals. A strong background in Business Administration or Marketing is required, along with cross-functional collaboration skills and a solid understanding of European consumer dynamics.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
Visual Merchandiser - Pinneberg (m/w/d) at H&M Group
Pinneberg, Schleswig-Holstein, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Visual Merchandising, Fashion Trends, Sales Optimization, Styling, Communication, Creativity, Problem Solving, Team Collaboration
Specialization
Candidates should have a passion for fashion and a keen sense of trends to enhance the shopping experience. Strong communication skills and the ability to inspire store teams are essential.
Visual Merchandiser - Böblingen (m/w/d) at H&M Group
Böblingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Visual Merchandising, Store Design, Window Styling, Figure Styling, Visual Concepts Implementation, Trend Awareness, Product Care, Sales Analysis, Visual Potential Recognition, Action Area Setup, Sale Area Presentation, Styling, Detail Orientation, Presentation Skills, Communication, Team Inspiration
Specialization
The ideal candidate possesses a genuine passion for fashion, a strong sense of trends, and a knack for creating unique shopping experiences, supported by a good eye for visual presentation and experience in store layout changes. They should be motivated to delight customers while boosting sales, demonstrating creativity, curiosity, proactivity, and strong communication skills to inspire store teams.
Senior Manager, Credit and Debit, Europe at Visa
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Product Management, Payments, Banking, Operational Excellence, Commercial Excellence, Data Analysis, Communication, Presentation Skills, Time Management, Organizational Skills, Stakeholder Engagement, Problem Solving, Curiosity, Execution Focus, Influencing, Collaboration
Specialization
Candidates should have experience in managing Credit or Debit card programs and a strong understanding of payments and banking. Excellent communication skills and the ability to work independently are also essential.
Experience Required
Minimum 5 year(s)
Industriemechaniker:in - Instandhaltung at vattenfall
Hohenwarte, Thuringia, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Industrial Mechanic, Maintenance, Mechanical Maintenance, Repair Activities, Inspection Activities, Function Testing, Operation Procedures, Fault Reporting, Documentation, Reliability, Sense Of Responsibility, Assertiveness, Teamwork, Resilience, Decision Making, Driver's License Class B
Specialization
Candidates must possess a degree in a mechanical engineering trade and have extensive professional experience in the relevant field, demonstrating a high level of technical knowledge. Essential soft skills include high reliability, responsibility, assertiveness, teamwork, resilience, and the ability to communicate immediate decision needs.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
Materials and Processes Engineer [25014] at Sopra Steria
Manching, Bavaria, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Materials Engineering, Process Engineering, Composite Materials, Manufacturing Technologies, Test Programs, Laboratory Experience, Aircraft Design, Ms Office, Google Workspace, Work Package Management, Reporting Skills, Eu Security Clearance, Fluency In English, German Language
Specialization
Candidates must have a master's degree in a relevant field and at least 2 years of experience in test program execution. Knowledge of composite aerospace materials and manufacturing technologies is essential, along with experience in a laboratory environment.
Experience Required
Minimum 2 year(s)
Koch / Köchin (m/w/d) am Alexanderplatz at HR Dpt.
Berlin, , Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Passionate Host, Food Preparation, Creativity, Teamwork, Culinary Skills, Food Presentation, Knowledge Of Food Quality, Innovative Cooking
Specialization
A completed vocational training or experience in the kitchen is required. You should have a passion for hosting and the ability to inspire others.
Junior Brand & Campaign Manager (m/w/d) at Scalable GmbH
Berlin, Berlin, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Brand Strategy, Campaign Management, External Partnerships, Media Buying, Data Analysis, Project Management, Communication, Organization, Team Collaboration, Marketing Trends, Pop Culture Awareness, Structured Project Management
Specialization
Candidates must believe in the company's mission and be passionate about the financial world, possessing knowledge of current trends in advertising, marketing, and pop culture. Required qualifications include 1-2 years of experience in brand or campaign management, excellent communication and organizational skills, a relevant university degree, and fluency in both German (native) and English.
Junior Brand & Campaign Manager (m/w/d) at Scalable GmbH
Munich, Bavaria, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Brand Strategy, Campaign Management, External Partnerships, Media Buying, Data Analysis, Project Management, Communication, Organization, Marketing Trends, Pop Culture Trends
Specialization
Candidates must believe in the company's mission and be passionate about the finance world, possessing excellent communication and organizational skills combined with structured project management abilities. A relevant university degree in Marketing, Business, or a related field is required, along with 1-2 years of experience in brand or campaign management, fluency in both German (native) and English.
Junior Brand & Campaign Manager (m/w/d) at Scalable GmbH
Berlin, Berlin, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Brand Management, Campaign Management, Project Management, Communication Skills, Organizational Skills, Media Buying, Data Analysis, Team Collaboration, Marketing Trends, Pop Culture Knowledge
Specialization
You should have 1-2 years of experience in brand management or campaign management, along with a relevant university degree in marketing or business. Fluency in German and English is required, and knowledge of additional languages is a bonus.
Ausbildung Einzelhandelkaufmann (m/w/d) at Sanitätshaus Rosenkranz Scherer GmbH
Bad Homburg vor der Höhe, Hesse, Germany - Full Time
Skills Needed
Customer Oriented Sales Conversations, Cash Register Operation, Handling Special Sales Situations, Merchandise Presentation, Procurement And Inventory Care, Price Policy Implementation, Personnel Planning, Marketing Concepts, Flexibility, Organizational Skills, Good Communication Skills, Good Written Expression, Numerical Analysis, Quick Comprehension, Ms Office Proficiency
Specialization
Candidates should enjoy helping people, value health, and demonstrate flexibility, organizational skills, and good communication abilities, including strong written expression. A minimum of a secondary school leaving certificate (Realschulabschluss) and basic MS-Office knowledge are required.